Volume: 14  Issue: 1 - 2017
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1.Adenosine A2B Receptors-Mediated Induction Of Interleukin-6 In Skeletal Muscle Cells
Mansour Haddad
doi: 10.5505/tjps.2017.08108  Page 0
Inflammatory response and cytokine activation are markedly stimulated in skeletal muscle during various conditions. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has pleiotropic effects on skeletal muscle. Adenosine, released by all cell types, binds to a class of G protein-coupled receptors to induce various skeletal muscle effects. The aim of this work was to investigate whether activation of adenosine receptors, particularly adenosine A2B receptors, could stimulate IL-6 gene expression in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells. The rat L6 skeletal muscle cells were cultured in 25 cm2 flasks. These differentiated cells were treated and then QRT-PCR (Probe-based) was used to analyze IL-6 gene expression level among different treatment conditions. Adenosine-5′-N-ethyluronamide (NECA), a stable adenosine analogue, concentration- and time-dependently stimulates IL-6 gene expression in skeletal muscle cells. The effect of NECA is inhibited by a selective adenosine A2B receptors antagonist, PSB 603. By using cAMP-arising reagent Forskolin, cAMP is found to be involved in the up-regulation of IL-6 induction. It has been demonstrated, for the first time, a novel relationship between adenosine and IL-6 up-regulation, in that IL-6 up-regulation induces by NECA is mediated by adenosine A2B receptor activation in skeletal muscle and is dependent on mainly a cAMP pathway. Adenosine A2B receptors are, thus, potentially important pharmacological targets in treating inflammation and related diseases in skeletal muscle tissues.
Inflammatory response and cytokine activation are markedly stimulated in skeletal muscle during various conditions. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has pleiotropic effects on skeletal muscle. Adenosine, released by all cell types, binds to a class of G protein-coupled receptors to induce various skeletal muscle effects. The aim of this work was to investigate whether activation of adenosine receptors, particularly adenosine A2B receptors, could stimulate IL-6 gene expression in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells. The rat L6 skeletal muscle cells were cultured in 25 cm2 flasks. These differentiated cells were treated and then QRT-PCR (Probe-based) was used to analyze IL-6 gene expression level among different treatment conditions. Adenosine-5′-N-ethyluronamide (NECA), a stable adenosine analogue, concentration- and time-dependently stimulates IL-6 gene expression in skeletal muscle cells. The effect of NECA is inhibited by a selective adenosine A2B receptors antagonist, PSB 603. By using cAMP-arising reagent Forskolin, cAMP is found to be involved in the up-regulation of IL-6 induction. It has been demonstrated, for the first time, a novel relationship between adenosine and IL-6 up-regulation, in that IL-6 up-regulation induces by NECA is mediated by adenosine A2B receptor activation in skeletal muscle and is dependent on mainly a cAMP pathway. Adenosine A2B receptors are, thus, potentially important pharmacological targets in treating inflammation and related diseases in skeletal muscle tissues.
Abstract

2.In Vıvo Effects Of Narıngenın And Lead On The Rat Erythrocyte Carbonıc Anhydrase Enzyme
Muslum Kuzu, Ahmet Özkaya, Zafer Şahin, Üzeyir Dağ, Veysel Çomaklı, Ramazan Demirdağ
doi: 10.5505/tjps.2017.13008  Page 0
Karbonik anhidraz enzimi (CA) CO2’in su ile tersinir reaksiyonunu katalizler ve sistemik asit baz dengesi, solunum gibi metabolik açıdan oldukça önemli olaylarda görev alır. Bu çalışmada canlıların farklı yollarla maruz kaldığı bir ağır metal olan kurşun ile bir flavanon olan narigeninin enzim üzerine in vivo etkisi araştırıldı. Bu amaçla, dört farklı rat grubu oluşturuldu ve bunlardan biri kontrol grubu olarak belirlendi. Diğer üç gruba ise kurşun, naringenin ve kurşun+naringenin maddeleri verildi ve eritrositlerdeki karbonik anhidraz enzim aktivitesindeki değişimler incelendi. Araştırma bulguları kontrol grubundaki enzim aktivitesinin diğer gruplardan daha fazla olduğunu gösterdi. Kurşun grubu en düşük inhibisyon etkisini gösterirken, narigenin grubu en yüksek inhibisyon etkisini gösterdi. Bu nedenle naringeninin CA enzimi için kuvvetli bir inhibitor olduğu söylenebilir
Carbonic anhydrase enzyme (CA) catalyses the reversible reactions of CO2 with water and takes part in metabolically important events such as systemic acid–base regulation and respiratory. In this study, in vivo effects of lead, a heavy metal and to which living beings are exposed by different ways, with naringenin, a flavanone, were investigated. For this purpose, four different rat groups were selected and one of them was chosen as the control group. The other three groups were given lead, naringenin and lead+naringenin substances to analyze the changes in the carbonic anhydrase enzyme of rat erythrocytes. The research findings showed that the enzyme activity of the control group was higher than that of other groups. The naringenin group showed the highest inhibition effect, while the lead group showed the lowest inhibition. Because of this reason, it can be said that naringenin is a strong inhibitor for the CA enzyme.
Abstract

3.Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases and Metabolism of Xenobiotics
Rahman Başaran, Benay Can Eke
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Bu derlemede flavin-içeren monooksijenazların farmakolojik ve toksikolojik önemi ile ilgili güncel bilgiler özetlenmiştir. FMO’lar nükleofilik hetereatom içeren ksenobiyotiklerin ve ilaçların oksidasyonuna katılan mikrozomal bir enzim ailesidir. FMO’ların ilaç metabolizmasındaki etkinlikleri ve hastalıklarla olan ilişkileri, daha fazla araştırılması gereken alanlardır. FMO’lar üzerine yapılacak olan araştırmalar hastalıkların patofizyolojisi hakkında önemli bilgiler sağlayabilir ve bu enzim ailesi ile ilgili bilgiler gelecekte, ilaç tasarımları için önemli olabilir.
This review summarizes recent information concerning the pharmacological and toxicological significance of the flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). FMOs are a family of microsomal enzymes involved in the oxygenation of certain xenobiotics and drugs which contain nucleophilic heteroatoms. The activities of FMOs in drug metabolism and their relationships with diseases are the areas of research requiring further exploration. The future studies on FMOs may provide considerable information about the pathophysiology of diseases and the information related to this enzyme family may be important for drug designs in future.
Abstract

4.Melatonın In Edıble And Non-Edıble Plants
Ufuk Koca Calıskan, Ceylan Aka, Emrah Bor
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Bitkilerde melatonin kavramı, son yıllarda, hem bitkiler hem de beslenme ve sağlığı koruma amacıyla bitkileri kullanan insanlar için oldukça önemli olmuştur. Enzimler aracılığıyla L-triptofandan sentezlenen melatonin bitkiyi zorlu koşullara karşı korumaktadır. İnsanlar antioksidan, immunomodülatör, antienflamatuvar ve antikanser etkilerinden dolayı bu bitkileri kullanmaktadır. Yenilebilen ve yenilemeyen bitki kısımlarında siklodeskstrinle modifiye edilmiş miseller elektrokinetik kromatografi, enzim bağlı immünosorban deneyi, radyoimmün test, yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi, elektrokimyasal algılamalı sıvı kromatografisi, florometrik algılamalı sıvı kromatografisi, sıvı kromatografisi-kütle spektrometrisi ve sıvı kromatografisi-ultraviyole spektrofotometri yöntemleri ile tespit edilmiştir. Bu derlemede, melatoninin hem hayvanlarda hem de bitkilerde biyosentezi, özellikle tıbbi/yenilebilen ve yenilemeyen bitkilerde melatoninin fonksiyonu ve bu bitkilerde fitomelatonin içeriği sunulmuştur.
The concept of melatonin has become more important recently both in plant, and in human who utilize plants for nutrition and health purposes. Melatonin, synthesized from L-tryptophan by enzyms, protects plants against difficult conditions. People have consumed these plants due to antioxidant, immunomodulator, antiinflammatory and anticancer effects. In parts of edible and non-edible plants, levels of melatonin determined by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography, enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay, radioimmunoassay, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrophotometry. In this review, biosynthesis of melatonin in both animal and plants, function of melatonin in plant kingdom especially in medicinal/edible and nonedible plants and detection of phytomelatonin content in those plants were presented.
Abstract

5.Real-Time Cell Analysis of the Cytotoxicity of Origanum acutidens Essential Oil on HT-29 and HeLa Cell Lines
Feyza Oke-altuntas, Ibrahim Demırtas
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Bu çalışmanın amacı, Origanum acutidens (Hand-Mazz.) Ietswaart uçucu yağının insan servikal adenokarsinom (HeLa) ve insan kolorektal adenokarsinom (HT-29) hücre hatları üzerine sitotoksik etkisinin xCELLigence Gerçek Zamanlı Hücre Analizör cihazı ile araştırılması ve kimyasal kompozisyonunun ve antioksidan aktivitesinin belirlenmesidir. Uçucu yağ, hidrodistilasyon yöntemi ile elde edilmiş ve gaz kromatografisi/kütle spektrometresi (GC/MS) ile analiz edilmiştir. Uçucu yağın ana bileşenleri karvakrol (61.69%), p-simen (17.32%), γ-terpinen (4.05%) ve borneol (3.96%) olarak bulunmuştur. O. acutidens uçucu yağı HeLa ve HT-29 hücre hatlarına karşı test edilen konsantrasyonlarda önemli sitotoksik etki göstermiştir. Uçucu yağ, BHT ile karşılaştırıldığında orta derecede DPPH radikal süpürücü etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışmada sunulan sonuçlar, O. acutidens uçucu yağının iki insan kanser hücre hattı üzerine olan inhibitor etkisini açıkca göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlara ve rapor edilen diğer çalışmalara gore, gözlenen bu yüksek etki yağda karvakrol bileşiğinin bulunmasına bağlanabilir.
The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of the essential oil from Origanum acutidens (Hand-Mazz.) Ietswaart on the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cell lines by xCELLigence Real Time Cell Analyzer instrument and to determine its chemical composition and antioxidant capacity. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main constituents of the oil were found to be carvacrol (61.69%), p-cymene (17.32%), γ-terpinene (4.05%), and borneol (3.96%). The essential oil of O. acutidens exhibited significant cytotoxic effect against HeLa and HT-29 cell lines at the tested concentrations. The essential oil had moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to BHT. The data in the present study clearly demonstrated inhibitory effect of the oil on two human cancer cell lines. According to these results and other reported studies, this observed high effect may be attributed to the presence of the carvacrol component in the oil.
Abstract

6.Cutaneous Wound Healing after Topical Application of Pistacia atlantica Gel Formulation in Rats
Seyed Ahmadreza Hamıdı, Aboutorab Tabatabaeı Naeını, Ahmad Oryan, Mohammad Reza Tabandeh, Nader Tanıdeh, Saeed Nazıfı
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This study has been undertaken to investigate the antioxidant activity of the gels formulation, from Pistacia atlantica oil extraction on enzymatic antioxidants in experimental wound created in rat.Under taken anesthesia; a square-shaped skin defect (2×2cm) was created aseptically by surgical incision. Then animals were randomly allocated in four groups (I- untreated controls, II- topically treated base gel, III- topically treated 5% gel, IV- topically treated 10% gel). These results suggest that topical application of Pistacia atlantica oil gels improved reepithelialization with continuous stratum basalis and a mature granulation tissue and adnexa (hair follicles and sweat gland) compared with control and base gel groups. Treatment with 10% oil gel significantly enhanced the tensile strength, ultimate stress, yield strength and stiffness of this group compared with the control and base gel group at 21 days post injury. The collagen fibers showed a more organized pattern and the tissue alignment was greater as compared to the control and base gel treated groups at the same stage. The results suggest that topical application of Pistacia atlantica oil gel improved the morphological, biochemical and biomechanical properties of experimentally-induced wound defects in rats.
Abstract

7.Antibiotic Resistance Profile, Tigecycline-Colistin In Combinations With Various Antibiotics And Molecular Typing Of Hospital Acquired Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolates
Ayça Büyük, Fethiye Ferda Yılmaz, Süreyya Gül-yurtsever, Mine Hoşgör-li&775;moncu
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Bu çalışmada nozokomiyal çoklu ilaç dirençli (ÇİD) Acinetobacter baumannii izolatlarının antibiyotik direnç profilinin belirlenmesi, moleküler düzeyde tiplendirmelerinin yapılması ve dirençli izolatlarda antibiyotik kombinasyonlarının aktivitesinin araştırılması amaçlandı. 84 ÇİD A. baumannii izolatına karşı tigesiklin (TGC), kolistin (CL), amikasin (AK), siprofloksasin (CIP), meropenem (MR), moksifloksasin (MXF) ve rifampisinin (RF) minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon (MİK) değerleri sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemi ile belirlendi. Epidemiyolojik ilişki, AP-PZR ve antibiyotiplendirme ile saptandı. Klonal ilişkisiz kökenlere antibiyotik kombinasyonlarının etkinliği dama tahtası (CB) yöntemi ile belirlendi. Dama tahtası yöntemi sonucunda, en etkin gözlenen kombinasyonun etkinliği, seçilmiş bir kökene karşı zamana bağlı öldürme eğrisi (TK) yöntemi ile de araştırıldı. CIP, RF, MXF, MR, AK’nin direnç oranları sırasıyla; %90.47; %47.62; %22.62; %58.33; %50 olarak belirlendi. TGC ve CL direnci görülmedi. Antibiyotik direnç profillerine göre 25 antibiyotip grubu belirlenirken, 15 farklı patern ayırt edildi. Klonal ilişkisiz 15 ÇİD A. baumannii izolatında CB yöntemiyle en iyi sinerjistik etki CL-RF (%100), CL-MR (%100) ve TGC-RF (%53) kombinasyonlarında gözlendi. Seçilmiş bir kökende TK yöntemiyle CL-RF ve CL-MR ile sinerji gözlendi, TGC-RF ile ise aditif etki saptandı. Bu çalışmada her iki sinerji testi de ÇİD A. baumannii izolatlarına karşı CL ile RF kombinasyonunun tedavide iyi bir seçim olacağını işaret etmiştir.
The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile, clonal relation and efficacy of antibiotic combinations in nosocomial multidrug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotic susceptibilities of 84 MDR A. baumannii against tigecycline (TGC), colistin (CL), amikacin (AK), ciprofloxacin (CIP), meropenem (MR), moxifloxacin (MXF), rifampicin (RF) were determined by microdilution method. Clonal relationship was investigated by genotyping using AP-PCR and antibiotyping. Interactions of antibiotic combinations were tested against clonally unrelated strains by the checkerboard (CB) method. The efficacy of the best combinations was also assesed on a selected isolate by the time-kill (TK) method.CIP, RF, MXF, MR, AK resistance was found as 90.47%; 47.62%; 22.62%; 58.33%; 50% respectively; however; CL and TGC were not ascertained. The isolates were distinguished as 25 different antibiotypes and 15 varied molecular patterns. The best synergistic effect was detected in combinations of CL with RF (100%) and MR (100%), in combinations of TGC with RF (53%) against clonally unrelated 15 MDR A. baumannii isolates by the CB method. While CL-RF and CL-MR showed synergy by TK method like CB, on the other hand TGC-RF indicated additive interactions by TK. In this study, both synergy tests showed that CL in combination with RF would be a good option in MDR A. baumannii.
Abstract

8.A Review On: Phase “0” Clinical Trials Or Exploratory Investigational New Drug
Ashish A. Gawai, Faisal Shaikh, Mangesh Gadekar, Nitin Deokar, Shivanand Kolhe, K. R. Biyani
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In a move to speed up the development of new medicines, the FDA announced in January 2006 the creation of the exploratory Investigational New Drug (IND), the so-called Phase ‘0’ clinical trials. This guidance is intended to clarify what preclinical and clinical approaches, as well as chemistry, manufacturing, and controls information, should be considered when planning exploratory studies in humans, including studies of closely related drugs or therapeutic biological products, under an investigational new drug (IND) application (21 CFR 312). Existing regulations allow a great deal of flexibility in the amount of data that needs to be submitted with an IND application, depending on the goals of the proposed investigation, the specific human testing proposed, and the expected risks. The Agency believes that sponsors have not taken full advantage of that flexibility and often provide more supporting information in INDs than is required by regulations. This guidance is intended to clarify what manufacturing controls, preclinical testing, and clinical approaches can be considered when planning limited, early exploratory IND studies in humans.
Abstract | Full Text PDF

9.A Comparative Study of Different Proportions of Superdisintegrants: Formulation and Evaluation of Orally Disintegrating Tablets of Salbutamol Sulphate
Ajay Kumar, Vikas Anand Saharan
doi: 10.4274/tjps.74946  Page 0
Action of three different superdisintegrants, viz., croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate and Indion 414, were studied individually or in their binary combinations for their fast disintegrant action in ODTs (Oral Disintegrating Tablets) of salbutamol sulphate prepared by direct compression. ODTs were prepared in three different superdisintegrant combinations A, B and C. In each combination, five formulations were prepared with superdisintegrants in ratios 10: 90, 25: 75, 50: 50, 75: 25, and 90: 10. Three ODT formulations were prepared with single superdisintegrant and two ODT batches were prepared from marketed ODT excipient blends, viz. Prosolv-ODT and F-Melt. Prepared ODT formulations were evaluated and compared for weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, disintegration and drug release. All ODTs disintegrated quickly in 32 s or less. ODT formulation F3, containing croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate, disintegrated very quickly in 19.28±3.11 s. Results of F3 were compared with the batches (F19 and F20) containing marketed coprocessed excipients and found in good agreement for various evaluation parameters. Formulation F20 was hygroscopic, while F3 did not suffer this disadvantage. Thus, we may conclude that superdisintegrants in combinations may offer additive and/or synergistic disintegration possible due to their different mechanism.
Abstract

10.Development And Validation Of An Uplc Method For The Determination Of Dexketoprofen Trometamol, Salicylic Acid And Diclofenac Sodium
Sibel İlbasmıs-Tamer
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Deksketoprofen trometamol (DKP), salisilik asit (SA) ve diklofenak sodyum (DIC)’un ilaç çözeltisindeki analizi için ultra yüksek basınçlı sıvı kromatografisi (UPLC) kullanılarak basit, hızlı, doğru ve kesin bir yöntem geliştirilmiştir. UPLC yöntemi aktif bileşikleri analiz etmek için oldukça hassas bir yöntemdir ve yöntem ICH kurallarına göre valide edilmiştir. Geliştirilen yöntem, kesin, doğru, spesifik ve seçici bulunmuştur. Yöntem, doğrusal ve tekrarlanabilir bulunmuştur. DKP maddesi için teşhis sınırı-duyarlılık sınırı (LOD) 0.00325 µg/mL ve tayin alt sınırı-saptama sınırı (LOQ) 0.00985 µg/mL olarak bulunmuştur. SA için LOD 0.0027 µg/mL ve LOQ 0.0081 µg/mL olarak bulunmuştur. DIC için LOD 0.0304 µg/mL ve LOQ 0.0920 µg/mL olarak bulunmuştur.
Böylece önerilen yöntemler yukarıda bahsedilen ilaçları içeren (deksketoprofen trometamol, salisilik asit ve diklofenak sodyum) farmasötik preparatlarda başarılı bir şekilde uygulanabilecektir. Aktif bileşikler çok küçük miktarlarda analiz edilebilecek ve kolaylıkla valide edilebilecektir.
A simple, fast, accurate and precise method has been developed for the determination of dexketoprofen trometamol (DKP), salicylic acid (SA) and diclofenac sodium (DIC) in the drug solutions using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). UPLC method is highly reliable and sensitive method to quantify the amount of the active ingredient and the method is validated according to ICH guidelines. The developed method is found to be precise, accurate, specific and selective. The method was also found to be linear and reproducible. The value of limit of dedection (LOD) of DKP, SA, DIC were found 0.00325 µg/mL, 0.0027 µg/mL and 0.0304 µg/mL, respectively. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of DKP, SA and DIC were found 0.00985 µg/mL, 0.0081 µg/mL and 0.0920 µg/mL, respectively.
Thus, proposed methods can be successfully applicable to the pharmaceutical preparation containing the above mentioned drugs (dexketoprofen trometamol, salicylic acid and diclofenac sodium). Even very small amounts of active substance can be analyzed and validations can be performed easily.
Abstract

11.Synthesis, Antibacterial and Lipoxygenase Inhibition Studies of N-(Alkyl/aralkyl)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamides
Muhammad A Abbası, Aziz-ur Rehman, Sabahat Z Sıddıquı, Anam Sheeza, Sumaira Nazır, Irshad Ahmad, Rabia Malık, Syed Aa Shah, Syed Aa Shah
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Sülfonamidler biyolojik olarak, farmasötik endüstrisinde geniş uygulamaları olan aktif bileşiklerdir. Mevcut araştırma çalışmaları (2) vermek üzere 10% sulu Na2CO3 kullanılarak 4-metilbenzensülfonil klorür ile 2,3-dihidro-1,4-benzodioksin-6-amin (1) reaksiyonu ile tetiklenen biyolojik olarak aktif sülfonamidler sentezlenmesi amaçlanmıştır N-(2,3-dihidrobenzo [1,4] dioksin-6-il)-4-metilbenzensülfonamid (3). Bundan başka, ana molekül-3 (N-alkil / aralkil-N- (2,3-dihidrobenzo [1,4] dioksin-6-il) -4-methylbenzenesulfonamides elde etmek için farklı alkil /aralkil halojenürler (4a-e) ile reaksiyona sokuldu Şekil (5a-e), polar aprotik çözücü kullanılarak; N,N-dimetilformamid (DMF) ile baz olarak lityum hidrit ve katalitik miktarda. Sentezlenen bileşiklerin vasıflandırılması güncel spektrum teknikleri, örneğin, IR, 1H-NMR ve EI-MS tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çeşitli gram-pozitif ve Gram-negatif bakteri türlerine karşı tarama sonucu ortaya koydu N-(2,3-dihidrobenzo[1,4]dioksin-6-il)-4-metilbenzensülfonamid (3), N-(2-bromoetil)-N-(2,3-dihidrobenzo[1,4]dioksin-6-il)-4-metilbenzensülfonamid (5a) ve N-(2-feniletil)-N-(2,3-dihidrobenzo[1,4]dioksin-6-il Standart Siprofloksasin ile karşılaştırıldığında) (5b)-4-metilbenzensülfonamid iyi inhibitör aktivite göstermiştir. Ayrıca, N-(3-fenilpropil)-N-(2,3-dihidrobenzo[1,4] dioksin-6-il)-4-metilbenzensülfonamid (5c) ve N-(4-klorobenzil)-N- (2,3-dihidrobenzo [1,4] dioksin-6-il) -4-metilbenzensülfonamid (5e), standart baicalein için lipoksijenaz enzimi yönüne karşı iyi bir inhibisyon göstermiştir.
Sulfonamides are biologically active compounds having vast applications in pharmaceutical industry. The present research work was aimed to synthesize biologically active sulfonamides which was triggered by reaction of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-amine (1) with 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) using 10% aqueous Na2CO3 to afford N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (3). Further the parent molecule 3 was reacted with different alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-e) to achieve N-(alkyl/aralkyl)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamides (5a-e), using polar aprotic solvent; N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and catalytic amount of lithium hydride as base. The characterization of synthesized compounds was conducted by contemporary spectral techniques e.g., IR, 1H-NMR and EI-MS. The screening results against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains revealed that N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (3), N-(2-bromoethyl)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (5a) and N-(2-phenethyl)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (5b) showed good inhibitory activity as compared to standard Ciprofloxacin. Moreover, N-(3-phenylpropyl)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (5c) and N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfon-amide (5e) displayed decent inhibition against lipoxygenase enzyme relative to standard Baicalein.
Abstract

12.In-Situ Hydrogel Formulation For Intra-Articular Application Of Diclofenac Sodium Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles
Berrın Kucukturkmen, Umut Can Oz, Asuman Bozkır
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Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün verilerine göre dünya çapında insanların yaş ortalaması ve bağlantılı olarak artrit hastalığından mağdur olan insan sayısı da artmaktadır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında, artrit tedavisi için daha etkili tedavilerin gerekliliği önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu araştırmada, diklofenak sodyumun uzatılmış local taşınımı için nanopartikül içeren in-situ hidrojel formülasyonları geliştirilmiştir. Diklofenak sodium yüklü nanopartiküllerin partikül büyüklüğü, enkapsülasyon etkinliği, morfolojisi ve ilaç salım profilleri ile in-situ hidrojelin jel viskozitesi ve jelleşme süresi, hasta uyuncunu artırmak için her bir dozun uygulanması arasındaki zamanı artırmak amacıyla optimize edilmiştir. Ortalama partikül büyüklüğü 168 nm olan küresel nanopartiküller elde edilmiş ve geçirimli elektron mikroskobu ve atomic kuvvet mikroskobu ile desteklenmiştir. Nanopartikül üretim sürecinin ilk emülsifikasyon adımında farklı sürfaktanlar denenmiş ve Arlacel®-C’nin enkapsülasyon etkinliğini %89.7’ye yükseltmiştir. Diklofenak sodyumun 30 güne uzatılmış in-vitro salımı, nanopartiküllerin ve poloksamer 407/kitozan ile hazırlanmış in-situ hidrojelin kombine kullanılmasıyla başarılmıştır. Bu nedenle, diklofenak sodyumun bu yenilikçi taşıyıcı sistem ile lokal uygulanmasının, konvansiyonel oral doza göre azaltılmış miktarda ilaç içermesinden dolayı yan etkileri minimize etme potansiyeline sahip olduğu düşünülmüştür.
The global population is getting older and the number of people who suffers from arthritis is a major problem according to WHO’s data. In this respect, requirement of the more efficient treatment of arthritis becomes an urgent issue. In this research, nanoparticle bearing in situ gelling hydrogel formulation was developed for prolonged local delivery of diclofenac sodium. Particle size, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, and drug release profile of diclofenac sodium loaded biodegradable nanoparticles as well as gel viscosity and gelation time of in situ gelling hydrogel formulations were optimized to increase the time interval between each dose application for enhanced patience compliance. The spherical nanoparticles with a mean particle diameter of 168 nm was obtained and confirmed by both transmission electron microscope and atomic force microscope. Different types of surfactants were tested in the first emulsification step of nanoparticle production process and Arlacel®-C significantly increased the encapsulation efficiency to 89.7%. 30 days prolonged in vitro release of DS was achieved by using the combined formulation of polymeric nanoparticles and in-situ hydrogel prepared by using Poloxomer 407 and chitosan. Therefore, local administration of DS with this novel delivery system could be considered of having potential to minimize side effects because of decreased amount of drug in dosage form compared to conventional oral dose.
Abstract

13.Encapsulation of flurbiprofen by chitosan using a spray-drying method with in vitro drug releasing and molecular docking
Lalehan Akyuz, Fatih Duman, Murat Kaya
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Çapraz bağ enkapsülasyon için çok yaygın kullanılan bir metottur ancak çapraz-bağ ajanlarının çoğu toksiktir. Bu çalışmada spray-drying metodu kullanılarak kitosan-flurbiprofen mikro-nano kürecikler çapraz-bağ ajanı kullanmadan hazırlandı. Kullanılan kitosan, flurbiprofen ve elde edilen kürecikler SEM, XRD, TGA ve FT-IR ile karakterize edildi. FT-IR sonuçları kitosan ve flurbiprofen arasında H-bağ sisteminin oluştuğunu göstermektedir. Küresel şekilde CS-FP kürecikler SEM ile açıklandı. TGA analizi sonuçları flurbiprofen ve kitosanın termal kararlılıklarının enkapsülasyon sonrası azaldığını göstermektedir. Kürecikler simüle edilmiş biyolojik sıvıda in-vitro olarak salınım çalışmaları için kullanılmıştır. Tüm bu analizler enkapsülasyonun %73.28 etki ile başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleştirildiğini göstermektedir. Moleküler modelleme çalışmaları bağlanma enerjisi -3.90 kcal/mol olarak kitosan OH grubu ile ilacın OH grubu arasında H-bağ sisteminin oluşması ile CS-FP kararlı kompleks yapısının oluştuğunu göstermektedir. Bilgisayar hesaplamaları sonuçları FT-IR dan elde ettiğimiz spektroskopik sonuçları desteklemektedir. Bu çalışma spray-drying yöntemi ile çapraz-bağ ajanı kullanmadan mikro ve nano küreciklerin hazırlanabileceğini göstermiştir.
Cross-linking is very common method for encapsulation but many of the cross-linking agents have toxicity. In this study, chitosan-flurbiprofen micro-nano spheres were prepared as environmentally friendly for drug releasing by spray-drying method without any cross-linking agent. The used chitosan, flurbiprofen and obtained spheres were characterized via FT-IR, TGA, XRD and SEM. FT-IR results confirmed that H-bonding system was formed between chitosan and drug. CS-FP spheres with spherical shape were observed by SEM. TGA analysis results showed that thermal stabilities of flurbiprofen and chitosan were decreased after the encapsulation process. The spheres were used for in vitro releasing studies in simulated biological fluids. All these analysis results clearly showed that encapsulation was successfully carried out with 73.28% efficiency. Molecular modeling studies showed that CS-FP stable complexes was formed through a hydrogen bonding system between OH group of the drug molecule and chitosan OH group with a binding energy of -3.90 kcal/mol. Our computational results supported to spectroscopic results obtained by FTIR. This study proved that micro-nano spheres can be prepared without using cross-linking agent by spray-drying method.
Abstract