In the present study, 2-phenyl-1-ethanamine (phenethyl amine; 1) was reacted with 4-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in the presence of 10% aqueous Na2CO3 to achieve N-{4-[(phenethylamino)sulfonyl]phenyl}acetamide (3) which was further reacted with different alkyl/aralkyl halides, 4a-f, in polar aprotic solvent, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and sodium hydride as base to afford various N-substituted derivatives of 3. Structural elucidation of N-{4-[(phenethylamino)sulfonyl]phenyl}acetamide derivatives, 5a-f, was done by IR,1H-NMR and mass spectral analysis. Parent molecule 3, as well as N-substituted derivatives 5a, 5b, 5e and 5f revealed good to moderate antibacterial potential against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as compared to standard, ciprofloxacin. Moreover, N‐(4‐{[(4‐chlorobenzyl)(phenethyl)amino]sulfonyl}phenyl) acetamide (5c) proved to be a possible inhibitor of lipoxygenase enzyme having IC50 of 135.31±0.81 μM relative to Baicalein which was taken as a reference.

In the present study, 2-phenyl-1-ethanamine (phenethyl amine; 1) was reacted with 4-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in the presence of 10% aqueous Na2CO3 to achieve N-{4-[(phenethylamino)sulfonyl]phenyl}acetamide (3) which was further reacted with different alkyl/aralkyl halides, 4a-f, in polar aprotic solvent, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and sodium hydride as base to afford various N-substituted derivatives of 3. Structural elucidation of N-{4-[(phenethylamino)sulfonyl]phenyl}acetamide derivatives, 5a-f, was done by IR,1H-NMR and mass spectral analysis. Parent molecule 3, as well as N-substituted derivatives 5a, 5b, 5e and 5f revealed good to moderate antibacterial potential against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as compared to standard, ciprofloxacin. Moreover, N‐(4‐{[(4‐chlorobenzyl)(phenethyl)amino]sulfonyl}phenyl) acetamide (5c) proved to be a possible inhibitor of lipoxygenase enzyme having IC50 of 135.31±0.81 μM relative to Baicalein which was taken as a reference.

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Reçetesiz ilaç, günlük hayatta sıkça rastlanan basit rahatsızlıkların giderilmesi için, sağlık personeli müdahalesi olmaksızın, gerektiğinde sadece eczacının tavsiyesi ile kullanılmasında tıbbi herhangi bir sakınca olmayan, kısa bir süre kullanılmak üzere güvenli ve belirtilen endikasyonlar için etkili oldukları kanıtlanmış ilaçlardır. ABD Gıda ve İlaç Kurumu (FDA) reçetesiz ilacı, hekim reçetesi olmaksızın üzerindeki etiket yönlendirmelerine ve gerekirse sağlık profesyonelinin görüşüne uygun++ kullanıldığında güvenli ve etkili ilaç olarak tanımlanmaktadır.
Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de Avrupa Birliği ile uyumlaştırma sürecinde olası reçetesiz ilaç ile ilgili düzenlemelere ışık tutmak amacıyla tasarlanmış bir çalışmadır. Bazı Avrupa ülkelerinde var olan uygulamalar incelenmiştir. Türkiye’de reçetesiz ilaç mevzuatı ve uygulamaları olduğu takdirde, ilaç sanayinde çalışan üst ve orta düzey yöneticilerin ve serbest eczacıların tutum/davranış ve düşüncelerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Bu çalışmanın verilerini toplamak için gönüllülüğe dayalı anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veriler kesitsel çalışma biçiminde toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini Ankara’da bulunan serbest eczacılar ve Türkiye genelinde faaliyet gösteren ilaç firmalarına uygulanan iki farklı anket formu oluşturmaktadır.
Araştırma sonucuna göre Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren ilaç firmaları çalışanları, serbest eczane eczacılarına göre reçetesiz ilaçlar ile ilgili olası mevzuat düzenlemelerine daha pozitif bakmaktadır. Yabancı ilaç firmalarının, bu görüşü benimsemelerinde istatistiksel anlamlılık bulunmuştur.

Over the Counter (OTC) drugs are the drugs that are easily accessible from pharmacies without any prescription from a physician. These drugs are safe for short term use and effective for minor common diseases. The advice of a pharmacist is sufficient to use OTC drugs or as directed on the label. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines OTC drugs as safe and effective when used according to the label instructions and without a prescription, also when used in compliance with a health professional advice if necessary.
This study aims to enlighten possible OTC drug regulations in Turkey during the harmonization period with European Union. Also the regulations in some European countries are investigated. It is aimed to determine attitude, behaviors and opinions of senior executives and mid-level managers and community pharmacists on OTC regulations.
The design of this study is a voluntary survey. To collect the data for this study, a cross-sectional survey was carried out. Two different questionnaires were conducted to the community pharmacists in Ankara and pharmaceutical companies in Turkey.
According to the results, the employees of the pharmaceutical companies in Turkey have a more positive approach to the OTC regulations than the community pharmacists. International companies are inclined to that view than national companies.

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Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s Wort) insanoğluna uzun süredir faydalı olan ünlü bir bitkidir. Mevcut çalışmada, Türkiye’de yetişen H. perforatum’un topraküstü kısımlarından elde edilen metanol ekstresi ile hiperozit ve hiperforin’in antioksidan aktivitesi, 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) radikal süpürücü, metal-şelasyon ve demir-indirgeme antioksidan gücü (FRAP) yöntemleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Ekstrede, klorojenik asit, flavonoit türevleri olan rutin, hiperozit, kersitrin, kersetin ve biapigenin, naftodiantron türevleri olan psödohiperisin ve hiperisin ile floroglusinol türevleri olan hiperforin ve adhiperforin miktarları LC-DAD-MS ile tayin edilmiştir. H. perforatum’daki hiperisin (16 ± 0.08 μg g-1) ve hiperforin (1164 ± 0.02 μg g-1) içerikleri, Avrupa Farmakopesi tarafından istenen miktarlara uygun bulunmuştur. Ekstre ve hiperozit DPPH radikal süpürücü ve FRAP yöntemlerinde dikkate değer bir antioksidan aktivite gösterirken, metal-şelasyon kapasiteye sahip olmadıkları bulunmuştur.

Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s Wort) is a reputed plant with a long service to humankind. In the current study, antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of H. perforatum growing in Turkey along with hyperoside and hyperforin was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal-chelation, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The major components including chlorogenic acid, the flavonoid derivatives; rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin, and biapigenin, the naphthodianthrons; pseudohypericin and hypericin, and the phloroglucinol derivatives; hyperforin and adhyperforin were quantified in the extract by LC-DAD-MS. Hypericin (16 ± 0.08 μg g-1) and hiperforin (1164 ± 0.02 μg g-1) contents in H. perforatum were found to be in accordance with the amounts required by the European Pharmacopeia. The extract and hyperoside exerted a remarkable antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays, whereas they did not have metal-chelation capacity.

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The swab sampling and HPLC methods for residual estimation of meloxicam in swab samples from equipment surfaces after manufacturing of Mobicam 15 mg (meloxicam 15 mg) uncoated tablets were developed and validated. The swab sampling method was developed and optimized in order to obtain a suitable recovery (>90 %). Polyester swabs were moistened with diluent - a mixture of methanol, 1 M sodium hydroxide solution and water 28: 2: 20. The HPLC method was developed using Luna C18(2) 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm column with a mobile phase - a mixture of solution A and solution B (63: 37); The flow rate – 0.8 ml/min; The column temperature - 40°C; The detector wavelength - 254 nm; The injection volume – 25 μl. The calibration curve is linear (the r2=1.00000) over a concentration range 0.11µg/ml – 88 µg/ml; The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation are 0.11µg/mL and 0.014 µg/ml, respectively; No interference from swab solution was observed and samples were stable for 24 h. The determined concentration varying 0.016 – 5.8 µg/ml are well below the calculated limit of contamination. So the proposed validated HPLC method with appropriate swab wipe procedure could be applicable for cleaning validation on residues of meloxicam.

The swab sampling and HPLC methods for residual estimation of meloxicam in swab samples from equipment surfaces after manufacturing of Mobicam 15 mg (meloxicam 15 mg) uncoated tablets were developed and validated. The swab sampling method was developed and optimized in order to obtain a suitable recovery (>90 %). Polyester swabs were moistened with diluent - a mixture of methanol, 1 M sodium hydroxide solution and water 28: 2: 20. The HPLC method was developed using Luna C18(2) 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm column with a mobile phase - a mixture of solution A and solution B (63: 37); The flow rate – 0.8 ml/min; The column temperature - 40°C; The detector wavelength - 254 nm; The injection volume – 25 μl. The calibration curve is linear (the r2=1.00000) over a concentration range 0.11µg/ml – 88 µg/ml; The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation are 0.11µg/mL and 0.014 µg/ml, respectively; No interference from swab solution was observed and samples were stable for 24 h. The determined concentration varying 0.016 – 5.8 µg/ml are well below the calculated limit of contamination. So the proposed validated HPLC method with appropriate swab wipe procedure could be applicable for cleaning validation on residues of meloxicam.

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Fenolik bileşikler bitkilerin büyüme ve gelişmesinde önemli rol oynarlar ve ayrıca antiallerjik, antiarterojenik, antienflamatuvar ve antikanser etkiler gibi çok sayıda farmakolojik aktivite gösterirler. Ancak pek çok fenolik maddenin toksisitesine ilişkin very sınırlı ve az sayıdadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sağlığı koruyucu etkilerinden dolayı yaygın olarak kullanılan beş farklı fenolik bileşiğin (galangin, limonen, naringin, puerarin ve ursolik asit) Çin hamster fibroblast hücrelerinde (V79) sitotoksik etkilerinin nötral kırmızı alım (NKA) yöntemiyle değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışılan tüm fenolik bileşiklerin V79 hücrelerinin canlılığını doz artışıyla birlikte azalttığı bulunmuştur. Galangin, limonen, naringin, puerarin ve ursolik asit için IC50 değerleri sırasıyla 104,36 µM, 10574 µM, 1976,4 µM, 51,71 µM and 92,94 µM olarak bulunmuştur.

Phenolic compounds play an important role on the growth and reproduction of plants and also exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-allergic, anti-artherogenic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. But the data about toxicity of many phenolics are lacking and limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of five different commonly used phenolic compounds (galangin, limonene, naringin, puerarin and ursolic acid) which are widely used because of their health protecting effects by neutral red uptake (NRU) assay in Chinese hamster fibroblast cell line (V79). It is found that all of the studied phenolics decreased the cell viability of V79 cells in a dose dependent manner. The IC50 values of galangin, limonene, naringin, puerarin and ursolic acid were found to be 104,36 µM, 10574 µM, 1976,4 µM, 51,71 µM and 92,94 µM, respectively.

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Thalictrum minus L. Türkiye’de üç varyeteye ayrılmış kompleks bir türdür.Bunlar; var. minus, var. majus (Crantz) Crepin ve var. microphyllum Boiss.’dur. Bu çalışmada varyetelerin gövde ve yaprak anatomik özellikleri tanımlanmış, karşılaştırılmış ve varyeteler arasında bazı farklılıklar belirlenmiştir. Gövdelerin enine kesitlerinde; gövdelerin şekli, tüy örtüsünün varlığı ya da yokluğu, iletim demetlerinin sayısı ve yaprak kesitlerinde; mezofil yapısı ve epiderma hücrelerinin şekli ayırıcı karakterler olarak tanımlanmıştır. Sonuçlarımızın taksonomistler için ilave kanıtlar sağlayacağına ve varyetelerin ayrımına yardımcı olabileceğine inanmaktayız.

T. minus L.is a complex species which has been divided into three varieties in Turkey.These are var.minus, var.majus (Crantz) Crepin and var. microphyllum Boiss. In this study, stem and leaf anatomial features of the varietieswere described, compared andsome differences have been determined in between the varieties.In transverse sections of stems;the shape of stems, presence or absence of trichomes, the number of vascular bundlesand in leaf sections; the structure of the mesophyll and the shape of the epidermal cellswere identified as possibledifferential characters.We believe that our results were carried out to provide additional evidence for taxonomists and it can be help to separate of varieties.

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Platelet aggregation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for the prevention of such diseases. NSAIDs are associated with the severe risk of ulcer and bleeding disorders due to their acetylated chemical structure. Paracetamol is often regarded as NSAIDs. It is a nonacetylated monophenolic drug with mild anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory activity at high dose range which is clinically insignificant.In the current research work we evaluated the effects of 2-acetamidophenol, a positional isomer of paracetamol against in vitro human platelet aggregation and collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis model. We used two aggregating agents namely arachidonic acid and adenosine 5'-diphosphate against 2-acetamidophenol. Aggregation was monitored through a dual channel aggregometer. We found that 2-acetamidophenol has several times more potent anti-platelet and anti-arthritic potential than aspirin. Our results demonstrate that 2-acetamidophenol may be a strong drug candidate for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and rheumatoid arthritis.

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Vitisvinifera Linn. (Grape) contains a variety of bioactive components including polyphenols. Flavonoids are the major phenolic compounds (65–76%) in grapes. Grapephenolicspossessseveralhealthpromotingpropertiesdue to their antioxidant potential. It is thought that antioxidants have memory-enhancing potential. Therefore, in thisstudy, weevaluatedthenootropicactivity of theVitisvinifera fruit juice in normal and memory-impaired mice using the Morris water maze model and object recognition test. In the Morris water maze model, there was a significant decrease in escape latency (EL) and a significant increase in time spent in the target quadrant (TSTQ) as compared with normal control and memory-impaired mice (P < 0.001). In the object recognition test, there was a significant increase in the discrimination index (P < 0.001). Thesefindingssuggestedthepossibleuse of Vitisviniferajuicetowards a widerange of cognitivedisabilityandproposedthenootropicactivity of theVitisviniferajuice.

Vitisvinifera Linn. (Grape) contains a variety of bioactive components including polyphenols. Flavonoids are the major phenolic compounds (65–76%) in grapes. Grapephenolicspossessseveralhealthpromotingpropertiesdue to their antioxidant potential. It is thought that antioxidants have memory-enhancing potential. Therefore, in thisstudy, weevaluatedthenootropicactivity of theVitisvinifera fruit juice in normal and memory-impaired mice using the Morris water maze model and object recognition test. In the Morris water maze model, there was a significant decrease in escape latency (EL) and a significant increase in time spent in the target quadrant (TSTQ) as compared with normal control and memory-impaired mice (P < 0.001). In the object recognition test, there was a significant increase in the discrimination index (P < 0.001). Thesefindingssuggestedthepossibleuse of Vitisviniferajuicetowards a widerange of cognitivedisabilityandproposedthenootropicactivity of theVitisviniferajuice.

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Türkiye denizlerinde bulunan süngerlerdeki bioaktif maddelerle ilgili devam eden çalışmalarımız kapsamında, bu çalışmada değişik kıyılardan toplanan sünger, tunikat ve yumuşak mercan örneklerinin metanollü ekstrelerinin antimikrobiyal etkisi incelenmiştir. Antimikrobiyal çalışma için 5 mikrobiyal patojen iki Gram (+) bakteri,iki Gram (-) bakteri ve bir mantar metisillin dirençli-Staphylococcusaureus (ATCC 33591), vankomycin- dirençli Enterococcus faecium (EF379), Candida albicans (ATCC 14035), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 14210) ve Proteusvulgaris (ATCC 12454) kullanılmıştır. Konsantrasyon ve lokaliteye bağlı olarak sünger örneklerinin kuvvetli veya orta duyarlı antimikrobiyal etki gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen türler içinde Axinellaverrucosa’nın hem ham ekstresinde hem de süzülmüş ekstresinde güçlü antimikrobiyal aktivite gösterdiği bulunmuştur.

During our search for bioactive compounds from Turkish marine sources, we have detected antimicrobial activity of some of the extracts that have been prepared from sponges, and tunicate and soft corals from different coasts of Turkey. All sampleswere extracted with methanol. Antimicrobial activity test was conducted against 5 microbial pathogens; (two gram positive bacteria, one yeast and two gram negative bacteria) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 33591), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcusfaecium (EF379), Candida albicans(ATCC 14035), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(ATCC 14210), Proteus vulgaris(ATCC 12454), respectively. While crude extracts and filtrated Axinellaverrucosa extract showed strong antimicrobial activity, some of the sponge species showed strong or modest activity depending on their localities and concentrations.

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The effect of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)on phytoconstituent content and the potential antibacterial activity ofthree different leaf extracts of Alternantherabrasiliana(AB) against pathogenic bacteria, procured fromtwo different states of India, was evaluated. Shade dried leaf samples were separately determined for Zn, Fe and Cu content through atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Furtherextractionwas carried out using aqueous, methanol and mixture of aqueous and methanol (1: 1) and microbiosidepotential were evaluated by agar well diffusion technique. Ampicillin (30µg/ml) was used as standard. The Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of all the extracts was carried out by serial dilution method and thereafter inhibitory microbial activity was carried out by agar plate method. The amount of Zn, Fe and Cu were higher in West Bengal sample. Furthermore, the concentration dependent (**P<0.05) potential antimicrobial activity was observed. At the dose of 200 mg/ml,combined aqueous and methanol extract of AB (ABAE and ABME respectively) from West Bengal, gave significant results against gram positive bacteria where maximum zone of inhibition was recorded against Straphyloccusaureus(13.0± 0.011**).Such variation may be due to the geographical location of the plant, soil pH, content of elements and on theeffects of choice of solvent.

The effect of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)on phytoconstituent content and the potential antibacterial activity ofthree different leaf extracts of Alternantherabrasiliana(AB) against pathogenic bacteria, procured fromtwo different states of India, was evaluated. Shade dried leaf samples were separately determined for Zn, Fe and Cu content through atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Furtherextractionwas carried out using aqueous, methanol and mixture of aqueous and methanol (1: 1) and microbiosidepotential were evaluated by agar well diffusion technique. Ampicillin (30µg/ml) was used as standard. The Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of all the extracts was carried out by serial dilution method and thereafter inhibitory microbial activity was carried out by agar plate method. The amount of Zn, Fe and Cu were higher in West Bengal sample. Furthermore, the concentration dependent (**P<0.05) potential antimicrobial activity was observed. At the dose of 200 mg/ml,combined aqueous and methanol extract of AB (ABAE and ABME respectively) from West Bengal, gave significant results against gram positive bacteria where maximum zone of inhibition was recorded against Straphyloccusaureus(13.0± 0.011**).Such variation may be due to the geographical location of the plant, soil pH, content of elements and on theeffects of choice of solvent.

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Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) türü Orta Amerika-Meksika kökenlidir. Türkiye’de baharat ve sebze olarak tüketilmek üzere tarlalarda, seralarda olgunlaşmamış yeşil ya da olgun kırmızı meyveleri için kültürü yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Kayseri piyasasından satın alınan 10 adet kırmızı biber örneğinin Avrupa Farmakopesi’nde yer alan C. annuum monografında belirtilen mikroskobik, fiziko-kimyasal analizler açısından uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, 10 örnek üzerinde sırasıyla Avrupa Farmakopesi’nde belirtilen organoleptik ve mikroskobik analizler, ince tabaka kromatografisi (İTK), yabancı madde tayini, kurutmada kayıp ve total kül miktar tayini analizleri yapılmıştır. Ek olarak, C. annuum metanol ekstreleri ve kapsaisin standartının Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) ve Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923’e karşı antibakteriyal aktiviteleri disk difüzyon metodu kullanılarak araştırılmıştır.

Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) originates from Central America (native of Mexico). It is cultivated throughout Turkey as a condiment and vegetable, in fields or greenhouses, for its unripe green or ripe red fruits (in Turkish, “biber”). In this study, microscopical, physico-chemical analysis of 10 red pepper samples bought from Kayseri market were investigated if they conform to Capsicum annuum monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia. For this purpose, organoleptic and microscopic analyses, thin layer chromatography (TLC), tests on foreign matters, loss on drying, and total ash quantities were conducted on 10 samples, respectively. Additionally, antibacterial activities of Capsicum annuum methanol extracts and capsaicin (standard) against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) were examined by using disc diffusion method.

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Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de doğal olarak yetişen beş Lathyrus türünün antioksidan aktivitesi 1,1- difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) serbest radikal süpürücü yöntemi ile, ekstrelerin total fenolik bileşik miktarları ise spektrofotometrik olarak Folin−Ciocalteu yöntemi ile gallik asit ekivalanı (GAE) olarak tayin edildi. Lathyrus türleri arasında en yüksek toplam fenolik madde içeriğine ve en yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye Lathyrus aureus türünün sahip olduğu belirlendi. Sonuçlar ekstrelerin toplam polifenol içeriği ile antioksidan aktiviteleri arasında güçlü bir ilişki olduğunu gösterdi.

The antioxidant activities of five Lathyrus species growing in Turkey were investigated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and the contents of total phenolics in the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin−Ciocalteu procedure and calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Among the Lathyrus species, remarkable high antioxidant activity and high total phenolic content was found in Lathyrus aureus. The results showed that there is a strong correlation between total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of the extracts.

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